Ouagadougou: Heartbeat of Burkina Faso’s Past and Present

 

                                                                               Ouagadougou city centre - source: Author

Ougadougou City,  the Capital City of Burkina Faso

Ouagadougou, affectionately referred to as Ouaga, is the vibrant and bustling capital city of Burkina Faso. Burkina Faso means the land of the upright people, which literally means incorruptible. It is located in the heart of West Africa, and is the cultural, and economic hub of the country. The official language is French but the most widely spoken language is more of the Mossi. The Mossi make up 52% of the Burkina Population. The other widely spoken language in Burkina Faso and by millions of people in West Africa is Dyula as a principle language of commerce. With its unique blend of traditional African culture and modern influences, Ouagadougou offers a captivating experience for both residents and visitors. The city's rich history, friendly locals, and lively atmosphere make it an intriguing destination worth exploring. Besides sampling the art of Burkina Faso at the Village Artisanal, do not miss a visit to these three Museums during your stay in Ouagadougou

National Museum of Music

National Museum of Burkina Faso

Musee de bendrologie de Manenga

A brief Political History of Burkina Faso

The Mossi are the dominant community in Burkina Faso. Before colonial times it was part of the Mossi Empire that covered parts of Ghana. According to their traditions, their ancestors came from the East around the 13th century. The Mossi soldiers were skilled horsemen who kept the Mali empire to the north and the Songhai in check. They remained independent in most of what is Burkina Faso today until 1896 when the French colonized the area and named it Upper Volta. The name persisted until after independence in 1960. The French allowed the Mossi administration to remain in place. To this day, the Moro Naba hereditary ruler of the former Mossi Kingdom still performs traditional duties from his palace in Ouagadougou. Every Friday at 7am, the Moro-Naba presides over the Moro-Naba Ceremony at the palace for about 15 minutes for locals and tourists

It would appear that the French started to prepare for the independence of their colony in 1957 when they installed Daniel Ouezzin Coulibaly as the leader, though the position of Prime Minister had not been created. Coulibaly was in power from August 1956 to September 1957 when he was deposed under the noses of the French colonialists by Maurice Yameogo who stayed in power up to and after independence in 1960. The post of Prime Minister was soon created but Maurice Yameogo’s reign did not last as he was deposed in January 1966 by Sanguole Lamizana.

Change of name from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso

Upper volta became a good example of coups as four other presidents suffered the same fate of being deposed. They were Saye Zerbo, Henri Zongo and Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo.

Up to this time, none of these leaders had the wisdom to change the country’s name. Not until Thomas Sankara burst into the scene and overthrew the government of Jean-Babtiste Ouedraogo in 1983 with the help of his close friend, Blaise Campaore, Thomas Sankara changed the country’s name from upper Volta to Burkina Faso, composed a new anthem and gave the country a new flag. He is credited with composing the new National Anthem himself. He had played in a band - Tout-à-Coup Jazz- and was an accomplished guitarist It is unfortunate that Blaise Campaore killed Sankara in another government takeover.

Brief History of Burkina Faso

Colonial Period:

French Colonization: Burkina Faso, originally known as Upper Volta, was colonized by the French in the late 19th century. The French established control over the region in 1896, and it became part of French West Africa.

Independence: Upper Volta gained independence from France on August 5, 1960, and Maurice Yaméogo became its first president.

Post-Independence:

Early Years: The country experienced political instability with several coups and changes in leadership. Sangoulé Lamizana, a military leader, ruled from 1966 to 1980.

                                            Thomas Sankara, 5th president of Burkina Faso- Wikimedia Commons

Thomas Sankara's Revolution: In 1983, Thomas Sankara came to power through a coup and implemented radical reforms, including land redistribution and nationalisation of resources. He renamed the country Burkina Faso in 1984, which means 'Land of Incorruptible People'.

Assassination of Sankara: Sankara was assassinated in a coup led by his close friend Blaise Compaoré in 19872.

Compaoré Era:

Blaise Compaoré: Compaoré ruled Burkina Faso from 1987 to 2014, during which time the country experienced phenomenal economic growth with allegations of corruption and human rights abuses.

2014 Uprising: In October 2014, widespread protests led to Compaoré's resignation and exile.

Recent Developments:

Transitional Period: Upon the fleeing of Campaore, Michel Kafando was appointed as the transitional president in 2014, with the task of leading the country to new elections.

2015 Coup: A military coup led by General Gilbert Diendéré briefly interrupted the transition, but Kafando was briefly restored to power.

Roch Marc Christian Kaboré: Elected president in 2015, Kaboré's tenure saw efforts to stabilise the country and address security challenges.

2022 Coup: In January 2022, Lt. Col. Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba led a coup, deposing Kaboré2. Damiba was later replaced by Capt. Ibrahim Traoré in a second coup in September 20222.

List of Leaders After Indolence from France

Republic of Upper Volta (1960-1984):

                                                             Upper volta flag - Wikimedia Commons

Maurice Yaméogo (1960-1966)

Sangoulé Lamizana (1966-1980)

Saye Zerbo (1980-1982)

Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo (1982-1983)

Thomas Sankara (1983-1984)

Burkina Faso (after 1984):

                                                                    Burkina Faso Flag - Wikimedia Commons

Blaise Compaoré (1987-2014)

Michel Kafando (2014-2015, transitional)

Roch Marc Christian Kaboré (2015-2022)

Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba (2022)

Ibrahim Traoré (2022- interim)

Burkina Faso's history is marked by periods of political upheaval and efforts towards stability and development in spite of persistent insurgency by Islamic. The country continues to navigate its path towards a more secure and prosperous future.

Warm and Welcoming People: 

One of the best things about Ouagadougou is its people. The locals are known for their hospitality and friendliness, making visitors feel right at home. Besides, people will generally mind their business as you go out sight-seeing and enjoying the hospitality.

Crafts and Artisanship: 

The city is renowned for its vibrant arts scene, particularly in crafts and sculpture. The Village Artisanal is a must-visit to see local artisans at work and purchase unique handmade items. Many other artisans produce artefacts under the shade of trees of makeshift shelters. The sculptures may be made of wood or the lost wax method that is popular for bronzing. Making bronze articles is actually a cottage industry in Burkina Faso.

Festival Panafricain du Cinéma et de la Télévision de Ouagadougou (FESPACO): 

This biennial film festival is one of the largest in Africa, showcasing African cinema and providing a platform for filmmakers from across the continent. It is not just a Francophone affair.

Music and Dance: 

Ouagadougou is a cultural hub for music and dance. From traditional drumming to modern Afro=beat, the city's music scene is lively and diverse. Moreover, there is a Museum of Music that displays the diverse musical instruments from all over the country.

Central Market (Grand Marché): This vibrant market is a hub for a wide variety of goods, ranging from fresh produce to textiles and local crafts, making it an ideal spot to experience the local culture and pick up unique souvenirs. The market spans several buildings, streets, and open-air areas, offering an extensive selection. However, as an obvious foreigner, you may encounter persistent vendors, so be prepared for attention. While the market itself is safe, you'll need strong negotiation skills and some French knowledge to secure the best deals. A fire in 2003 destroyed the street market, but since then, other centers around town have emerged, offering arts and crafts, food, and souvenirs.

 National Museum of Burkina Faso

This museum offers a deep dive into the country's history and culture, with exhibits ranging from ancient artifacts to contemporary art. It has space for contemporary themed exhibitions.

Ouaga 2000: This is a modern district with impressive architecture that includes the Monument of National Heroes besides various government buildings. It's a symbol of the city's growth and development.

Parks and Gardens: Ouagadougou boasts several green spaces, such as the Bangr-Weoogo Park, which is perfect for a relaxing stroll, picnics, and even spotting wildlife such as the occasional peacocks, crocodiles and squirrels. One can also jog or walk in an unusual haven. The park is not open Mondays except when is a public holiday.

Cuisine: The local food scene is a delightful adventure. Don't miss out on tasting traditional dishes like Riz Gras (a savory rice dish), and the various street foods available.

Ouagadougou is a city full of life and color, offering a rich tapestry of experiences that reflect both its historical roots and modern aspirations. You are bound to be awed by the numerous motor cycles, not to mention the number of women who use them for transport. Whether you're there for the art, the food, or the festivals, Ouaga and its monuments is sure to leave a lasting impression.

Religion

Around 60% of the population is Muslim, with the majority following Sunni Islam. Sunni Muslims emphasize the authority of the Prophet Muhammad’s teachings, as recorded in the Hadiths. A smaller group of Shia Muslims have distinct practices, such as observing Ashura and honoring the Imams, particularly Imam Ali.

Christians make up about 20% of the population, with many being Roman Catholics, along with smaller but vibrant communities of Pentecostals, Baptists, and Methodists. 

Another 20% of the population follow Animism, practicing traditional African religions that involve worshiping ancestors, nature spirits, and deities believed to influence both daily life and the natural world.